tmmi测试管理体系

很早就有想法把TMMI的东西，按照自己的理解总结一下，但是总觉得没有原文写的好。无论怎么组织都写不好。所以不如每周花点时间把tmmi原文翻译一下。一方面加深自己的理解，另有一方面也是希望有同样这方面需求的人一起探讨。

The TMMi model looks at software testing at different maturity levels, with the starting assumption that all organizations start level 1 of the maturity ladder. The more mature an organization’s practices testing the higher level of maturity the organization fulfils.

TMMI模型关注了测试过程中的不同成熟级别，假定所有的测试组织都是从TMMI1开始，组织的测试过程成熟度越高，对于测试组织成熟度的要求级别也就越高。

The model has a staged architecture for test process improvement. It contains levels through which an organization passes as its testing process evolves from one that is ad hoc and unmanaged, to one that is managed, defined, measured, and in optimization mode, see figure 1 below. Achieving each level ensures that an adequate improvement has been laid as a foundation for the next stage.

TMMI模型是一个测试过程改进的阶梯式框架。它包含了了一个组织需要通过的不同测试过程，包括自由不受管理的测试，可管理的，已定义的，可测量的，优化级别，具体参看下图。达到每一个级别需要保证足够的提升以作为下个级别的基础。

Test process improvement efforts are focused on the needs of the organization in the context of its business environment. Moving through the different maturity levels increases the capability of test and software quality management to align with the needs of the business or project. The benefits being among others improved software product quality with fewer defects.

测试过程提升工作聚焦在组织商业环境的需求。通过不同的成熟级别增加测试的效率（或者能力）和软件质量管理能力，同时也满足商业和项目的需求。好处就是提升产品质量的同时尽可能少出现bug。

The scope for each of the different maturity levels are as follows:

下面列出了不同测试成熟度包括的范围：

【这里忽略了初始级别，这个级别没有指定的测试方法，也没有特定的质量标准。测试通常等同于开发调试的一部分，软件成败取决于英雄的出现】

Level 2 – Managed
Where the fundamental test approach is established and managed, which may vary from project to project within an organization with test policy and strategy being a focus area. This provides direction for planning monitoring and control, test design techniques with each project having control over test execution. At level 2 test environments are also in place for projects.

级别2-可管理级

基础的测试方法已经建立并且可管理。它可能随着项目的变化而变化，测试计划和测试策略是组织关注的重点。这提供了一个监控指导，测试设计技术对控制了项目的测试执行过程，在级别2，测试环境只是争对具体项目。

Level 3 – Defined
Establishes that all projects are following the same standards and procedures throughout the organizations or organizational unit. Level 2 is still being done, and teams are now organized, test training programs exist, test is integrated into the development life cycle and integrated into all projects from early in development. Non-functional testing is planned and executed in all projects and reviews are used in each project as well.

级别3-已定义级

建立一套试用与所有项目的标准和过程管理机制。级别2迅速的白猫别实施。测试团队被组织。测试培训出现。测试被集成到整个研发生命周期。非功能行测试被引入并且实施。评审机制被引入。

Level 4 – Measured
Measurement of activities and outcomes are thoroughly applied early in all projects to establish at each stage of development the projects are as defect free as possible. Advanced reviews are in use throughout all projects building on the review practices introduced at 3.

级别4-可测量级别

对于测试行为和产品的衡量需要在项目建立的早期需要彻底的实施，已保证项目尽可能少的bug，高级评审被被使用。

Level 5 – Optimization
At this level all activities and outcomes are assessed and optimize activities are in place to ensure continuous improvement toward defect prevention and optimized quality.

级别5-优化级

在这个级别所有测试行为和产品被评估，并且通过优化来保证持续提升以打包bug预防和高质量产品。预防是重点